ABSTRACT
Objective: To record various clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer [BC] in our population and to find an association between these characteristics and axillary nodal metastasis
Methods: This cross-sectional study included 150 BC patients from two tertiary care centers in Karachi from 15[th]February, 2013 to 31[st] March, 2015. Frequencies, percentages, and odds ratio were estimated to find out an association between various clinicopathological characteristics and lymph node status using SPSS version 20
Results: Approximately 75.4% patients had axillary lymph node metastasis ['1-3' IN = 34.4% and '>3' LN =44%]. Menopausal status [p<0.013], tumor grades [II' p <0.03; Mil' p<0.01], and stages [Mil'p <0.002; MV p <0.0001] tumor sizes [T2 p <0.014; T3' p <0.002], perineural invasion [PNI] [p <0.007], lymphovascular invasion [VI] [p <0.0001], and skin and nipple invasion [p <0.024] were significant predictors for '>3' LN metastasis. Association of these variables with '1-3' LN involvement was insignificant
Conclusion: Clinical spectrum of BC remains unchanged in 2016 with most of the patients presenting with high-grade, late-stage advanced disease. Moreover, clinicopathological variables, especially primary tumor size, tumor stage and lymphovascular invasion were significant predictors of >3 lymph node metastasis with high accuracy
ABSTRACT
Background: To compare the frequency of habits among different stages of oral submucous fibrosis
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Patients were recruited through purposive sampling technique from Dental OPD of Ziauddin Dental College, Clifton campus and Keamari campus, Ziauddin Hospital, Karachi. There were 50 stage 1 OSMF patients with limited mouth opening between 26-35 mm and 50 stage 2 OSMF patients with limited mouth opening less than 26mm. A detailed questionnaire was filled with details regarding patient's medical history along with the frequency of pan, ghutka, betelnut, tobacco and alcohol. Co-relations were studied between various continuous variables. Cross-tabulations were performed between frequency of habits and different stages of OSMF
Results: In the present study, 100 OSMF patients, 70 [70 %] males and 30 [30 %] females, were recruited and diagnosed into different stages on the basis of limited mouth opening. Majority of addictions in OSMF stage 1were due to pan chewing [54%] followed by ghutka [40%], tobacco [34 %] and betelnut [28%] respectively. OSMF stage 2 patients showed highest consumption of ghutka [68%] followed by pan [60%], betelnut [50%] and tobacco [42%] respectively. Alcohol consumption alone in both stages was found insignificant causative factor in OSMF disease
Conclusion:The present study revealed that the relative risk of disease becomes higher with increased frequency and duration of daily consumption of pan for stage 1 and ghutka for stage 2 OSMF patients
ABSTRACT
Background: Oral cancer is regarded as the sixth most common malignant tumor and is one of the leading cause of death. Lymph node metastasis is a major factor for the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma [OSCC]. The objective of study was to compare the lymph node metastases with different histopathological parameters to identify high risk patients with the need for extensive treatment plans
Methods: 140 histologically proven OSCC patients visiting Ziauddin College of Dentistry were included in this study. The clinico-pathological parameters were compared by using Chi-square, Kruskal-Willis and Mann-Whitney
Results: There were 90 male and 50 female patients with 29.8% in 49-58 years age group. Buccal mucosa was the most common site of tumor. The predominant morphology of OSCC was moderately differentiated OSCC with stage IV disease. Lymph node metastasis was present in 48.6% of patients. Perineural invasion [22.9%], lymphovascular invasion [8.6%] and distant metastasis [11.1%] were also recorded. The mean tumor size was 3.45mm +/-1.95mm and mean tumor thickness was 1.8 +/-1.6mm
Conclusion: A significant association between grade, stage, tumor size, tumor thickness and distant metastasis with lymph node involvement was found. However further studies with larger sample size are required to validate these results
ABSTRACT
Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma [OSCC] is one of the most common cancers in the world. Cigarette smoking, gutka and pan are the most common addictions in Pakistan. This study is conducted to evaluate the frequency of these risk factors [cigarette smoking, gutka and pan] and correlate it with histopathological grade of OSCC.The objective of the study is to evaluate the role of cigarette smoking, gutka and pan consumption in the histopathological differentiation of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. OSCC patients [n= 138] were recruited through purposive sampling technique from Dental OPD of Ziauddin Dental College, Ziauddin Hospital, Karachi. A detailed questionnaire was filled with information regarding patient's medical history along with the daily consumption of cigarette, gutka and pan. Co-relations were studied between various continuous variables. Cross-tabulations were performed between frequency of habits and different histopathological grades of OSCC
Results: In the present study, 138 OSCC patients, 108 [78.3%] males and 30 [21.7 %] females, were enrolled and histopathologically diagnosed into well differentiated, moderately differentiated and poorly differentiated OSCC. Association of histopathological grades of OSCC with different age groups revealed moderately differentiated OSCC as the predominant histopathological differentiation in 30-39 years age group [46.3%]. Majority of OSCC cases with cigarette smoking and gutka consumption used these products with frequency of > 15 packets per day, while, most of the pan consumers used 5-15 pan per day. All these patients had poorly differentiated OSCC i.e. 48.7% cigarette smokers, 64.1% gutka and 43% pan consumers
Conclusion: This study concludes that most of OSCC patients with habits of gutka, cigarette smoking and pan were associated with poorly differentiated carcinoma with more cases occurring in younger age group. This point to an alarming situation and serious thought should be given to early detection and prevention
ABSTRACT
Despite recent advancement in pathogenesis and management of disease, oral cancer remains the most common human malignancy, worldwide. The aggressive behavior of OSCC is a challenge for new treatment modalities for primary as well as metastatic lesions. HER receptors play an important role in the normal physiological process as well as in the development of many cancers including oral squamous cell carcinoma. An electronic article search was done through PubMed, Google Scholar and Medscape were used for an electronic search of articles, using the following keywords: oral cancer, EGFR, Her/2, Her/3 and Her /4. All types of articles were included. The aim of this review is to outline the current knowledge on the role of HER receptors in the progression of OSCC in order to use them as a therapeutic target in high risk OSCC patient and to prevent them from aggressive surgeries causing post-operative morbidity
ABSTRACT
Oral submucous fibrosis [OSMF] is a chronic, irreversibly progressive and precancerous disease that effects oral, oropharyngeal and oesophageal mucosa. OSMF is characterised by the inflamation and progressive fibrosis of lamina propria that leads to difficulty in mastication, speech, swallowing and causes limited mouth opening. Arecoline [major alkaloid] in areca nut is the main aeitiological factor in causing the disease. Prevalance of OSMF ranges from 0.2% to 0.5% in South India. The malignant rate of transformation over 17-year period was 7.6%. Trace elements [part of metalloenzymes] are recognised as versatile biomarkers which may be helpful in early detection, prognosis and can reduce the incidence of cancer. Copper, Iron, Zinc, Selenium, Cadmium, antioxidants [Superoxide Dimutase, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E], immunoglobulins and alternation in oncosupressor genes and other genes have been emphasized as biochemical parameters that play an important role in its pathogenesis. These parameters can also serve as important biomarkers in early detection of a premalignant condition and cancer progression
Subject(s)
Biomarkers , Antioxidants , Trace ElementsABSTRACT
Breast cancer is a global health issue, and as the tumor burden increases, we need to come up with newer, better technologies which are convenient, cheap, rapid, sensitive with a high specificity. Technological advancements in the field of cancer biomarker has led to the development of techniques such as mass spectrometric analysis and microarray analysis in which genes, proteins and hundreds and thousands of metabolites can be identified with the emergence of genomics, proteomics and metabolomics. This research is focused on finding biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, staging, treatment response and targets for chemotherapy, generating a panel of markers which provide better clinical information compared to a single marker in the panel. This review briefly summarizes application of genomics and proteomics followed by key concepts and applications of metabolomics in breast cancer, with the conclusion that an integration of the three [OMIC] technologies may hold the key to future biomarker discovery. Sources of Data/Study Selection: The information for this review was collected by searching the Google Scholar and PubMed database for English articles published in the period from 2002 to 2015. The search terms included [biomarkers in breast cancer] along with the following search terms: [genomics], [proteomics], [metabolomics], [breast cancer], "mass spectrometry], [molecular markers] and [cancer biomarker]. We have endeavored to quote only the primary sources. Titles and abstracts of retrieved studies were assessed first followed by selection and retrieval of selected full text articles
ABSTRACT
To find out age and gender related frequency of cancer of the gall bladder in patients with chronic cholelithiasis. Descriptive case series. PNS Shifa Hospital Karachi for a period of 12 months. A total of 153 patients were inducted in the study who were suffering from chronic cholelithiasis and carcinoma [Ca] gall bladder. The diagnosis was confirmed by various laboratory and radiological methods. After surgical intervention the positive cases were referred to the oncologist who monitored and assessed them accordingly. Twenty-four patients had Ca Gall bladder. The youngest patient was 40 years of age and oldest of 70 years with an average of 54.8 years. The male to female ratio was 1:2. Preoperative diagnosis was made only in 4 patients. Frequency of carcinoma gall bladder peaked after 60 years in males while in females it peaked after 40 years. Although chronic cholelithiasis is predominantly a female disease but if present in males then chances of cancer is higher especially after the age of 60 years
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Age Factors , Gender Identity , Sex Factors , Cholelithiasis , Chronic DiseaseABSTRACT
To evaluate the mucin profile ofcolorectal adenocarcinoma by means of a histochemical study and to correlate mucin content and histological grade vis-a-vis prognosis. Descriptive study. Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre Karachi, from August 2004 to August 2007. Seventy patients who underwent surgical resection of sporadic colorectal adenocarcinoma over a 3-year period were evaluated for histological classification as to mucinous [MUC] or a non-mucinous [nMUC] subtype. They were further divided by histological differentiation into low-grade and high-grade tumors. The two groups were compared in terms of mucin content by histochemical techniques. Relationship between mucin content and histological grade was also analyzed. On the basis of mucin content all cases were divided into mucinous [MUC; n = 14; 20%] and non- mucinous [nMUC; n = 56; 80%] adenocarcinomas. The predominant mucin on histochemistry ofcolorectal adenocarcinoma [nMUC and MUC] was sialomucin. Tumors were further graded historically into low-grade [85.71%] and high-grade [14.28%]. MUC adenocarcinoms showed a higher proportion of high grade tumors. Both MUC and nMUC are distinct histological subtypes of colorectal adenocarcinoma. No relationship could be established between pattern of mucin secretion and histological differentiation, however there is a definite relationship between mucin content and histological grade. It could be concluded from this study that mucin content vis-a-vis histologic grade have an influence on prognosis. Further elucidation and follow-up is needed
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Mucins , Mucins/analysis , Prognosis , ImmunohistochemistryABSTRACT
This study was carried out in Department of Pathology, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, Jinnah postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi over a period of five years. 124 cases of colorectal adenocarcinoma were studied with respect to age, gender and location. Relationship of these variables to each other was also analyzed. Patients with an age range of 10 - 80 years were divided into different age groups. Most of the patients were in 41 - 60 years age group [55; 44.5%]. Gender distribution revealed male predominance with a male to female ratio of 2.54:1. Incidence of colorectal cancer in both the male and female patients is more in 41 - 60 years age group. Relationship of location of tumor to age and gender reveal a male predominance in all the locations with highest number of both male and female patients, [59; 47.6%] seen the in rectum in 21 - 40 years age group [44; 40.7%]. Tumors in distal locations are much more common in this study than tumors in proximal subsites indicating that no 'shift to the right' is seen. In conclusion, incidence of colorectal carcinoma is more in young patients less than 60 years of age with a male predominance and a distal location specifically the rectum